Detached folio, ink, pigments and gold on paper, painting (on recto) and Arabic text, from a set of twelve detached folios and one codex, Mamluk Cairo, Egypt, dated 1366. Painting: a horseman brandishing a sword, with side-caption: "Image of a horseman with a sword in his hand with which he strikes from the horse's ear as far back as its right croup", and the artist's signature written on the rider's saddle. First composed in Mamluk Damascus, al-Aqsara'i's well-known military encyclopaedia describes the many skills required for an effective cavalry army, organised in twelve lessons. This painting is from Lesson Three, "On the Use of the Sword". There is an extensive Arabic literature on the arts of horsemanship, and this copy (made in Cairo in 1366) is one of the earliest illustrated examples in existence. These arts include the care and training of horses, the correct handling of weapons, and equestrian parade displays for the hippodrome, as well as cavalry formations in battle, just distribution of war booty, and treaty negotiations.